Symptoms and signs of sugar

Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease in which a higher blood glucose content is observed.When digesting food, carbohydrates and proteins they break down into simple sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all the sugar and some of the glucose amino acids, which is used as a source of energy with each body of the body.Glucose enters blood into insulin cells, hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear -shaped organ located under the stomach).Unit the receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, insulin promotes the advance of proteins that transport glucose from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are connected to glucose and take it to the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs several interference: insulin production with a pancreas can be partially or completely disturbed or the body of the body may be unable to effectively respond to the normal amount of insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: diabetes of the first type or "insulin dependent" and diabetes of the second type or "insulin dependent." In the first type of diabetes, also known as youth diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes suddenly develops and is found more frequently in people under 30;The average age of its beginning of its development is between 12 and 14 years.However, the first type diabetes is only about 5 percent of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also known as adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, pancreatic insulin production is reduced slightly, but cells cannot effectively respond to insulin, so this disease is considered insulin resistance.The second type diabetes generally begins in degree and affects people over 40 and, especially full people, one of the risk factors is over 50 years.Occasionally in adults, you can see diabetes of the first type.

The main causes of the development of diabetes are: hereditary predisposition, pancreatic disease, eating in excess (reading: overload of the same pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal tract), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, jams, pastels, chocolate and more), animal alcohol, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus can occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or intoxication (including drugs).

With both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose in urine, which is accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with diabetes of the first type is prescribed the incorrect amount of insulin, excessive expulsion of fatty acids of adipose tissue will lead to overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a condition that threatens the life known as diabetic ketoacitosis.Diabetic ketoacytosis can sometimes be found in patients with diabetes of the second type during periods in which the body experiences a strong tension, for example, during a serious infectious disease.

People with diabetes of the second type are susceptible to another disease that threaten life, known as a hyperosmotic state that did not melt, characterized by extremely high levels of blood sugar.This disease is usually found in older people with any other serious illness.A diabetic ketoacytosis attack or a hyperosmotic state can be the first diabetes sign.

People with diabetes can also suffer from low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10-20 years of diabetes, patients may have complications, for example, visual deterioration, renal damage and degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (neuropathy).Strict control over blood glucose content can stop or prevent the appearance of these complications.Loss of leg tact can lead to the fact that the damage will be left without attention, and an infection will occur.

Symptoms

What signs can say that you have diabetes, or indicate that there is the danger of your occurrence?

• Excessive and frequent urine (approximately every hour).Waking up at night to urinate.The body, to get rid of excess sugar, emits it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Strong thirst or greater need to drink many liquids.It is caused by the fact that the glucose level increases in the blood, which "eliminates" tissue liquid, the tissue is dehydrated.Therefore, patients are forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Skin and genital itching.
• Dry mouth.
• Poor wound healing.
• At first, a great weight, which subsequently reduces it due to a violation of food absorption, especially carbohydrates.
• Immunity reduction: frequent infections of banal flu and colds to pneumonia.
• Sometimes, the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: as a result of forced short -term starvation or after intensive physical activity, pale pain, sweat of praise and general weakness.As soon as a person ate, he drank at least one cup of sweet tea, all symptoms pass quickly.Indirectly, this may indicate a malfunction of the pancreas: insulin entered the blood more than usual, and the sugar level decreased below the level allowed 3-3.5 units.
• Increase in appetite.
• Unted weight loss.
• Poor view.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or constant infections of the bladder, skin or gums.
• Numbness and tingling on the legs and hands.
• Hypoglycemia signs.
• Strong symptoms of a non -monetary hyperosmotic state: extraordinary thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Strong symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, lack of breath, confusion, coma.

The described symptoms are observed in 40-90% of patients with diabetes long before the diagnosis is performed.But there are also "non -human" symptoms, whose appearance leads to an increase in blood sugar:

The skin gradually dries, wrinkled, palms and rude plants, peels, thick nails, dry and brittle hair, in the extremities it is growing and disappears completely, in the skin, due to a decrease in general immunity, dusty eruptions, boils, carbuneles, repeat offers, appear in the need to try the blood sugar in the patient.Often, the skin is affected by fungi, eczema, lichens.

1. The appearance and progression of vascular disorders: the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectooris, memory decreases (brain vessels suffer);
2. Diabetic changes in the bloody background vessels (retinopathy), vision reduction;
3. Reduction of renal function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetic foot ("legs in cold burn and crushes in warm", a violation of the blood supply to the lower extremities);
5. Sometimes character changes (mental disorders);
6. One of the diabetes signs is gum injury: periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums, and teeth begin to shuffle, sometimes leaving their legal places without pain.
7. Diabetes mellitus affects internal secretion glands.Men lose interest in women, are reduced not only by libido, but also by power.In women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it happens that menstruation disappears completely.

That is why diabetes mellitus is called endocrine exchange disease with pancreatic lesion, characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a violation of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, antiabet, hidden diabetes mellitus and diabetes itself (explicit) are distinguished.The latter manifests itself in light, moderate and severe severity.

With pre -antiabeto, hidden diabetes and mild diabetes, nutrition is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and severe forms: a necessary condition for successful treatment and maintain an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more susceptible to the narrowing of coronary arteries and the narrowing of blood vessels that supply the brain and legs.The combination of infectious legs of the legs and reducing blood supply can lead to gangrene (tissue death), which requires amputation.

The treatment of diabetes of the first type requires one to four daily insulin injections.(Insulin cannot be taken orally, since digestive juices destroy it).In addition, it is necessary to observe a diet and exercise so that blood glucose levels are not too high or too low.For diabetes of the second type, a combination of diet, exercises and weight loss can be used, although medications are also necessary (including insulin).The treatment depends largely on the car -control.Although there are no means to cure diabetes, almost all patients can control symptoms and lead a complete life.

• The first type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs as a result of an erroneous attack of the immune system in pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With diabetes of the second tin, genetic factors are important.
• Excessive integrity makes people predisposed to the development of diabetes of the second type.
• Some drugs, such as corticosteroids or diuretic thiazides, can increase the risk of developing diabetes of the second type.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing or acromegaly syndrome, can lead to diabetes.The surgical elimination of the pancreas can also cause diabetes.
• Pregnant women can develop diabetes, which generally disappears after childbirth.These women run the risk of developing diabetes of the second type in the future.
• Contrary to existing opinion, the use of a large amount of sweet does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principles of nutrition in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

The calorie content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, sweets, jam, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except bananas, grapes, watermelon), and their consumption is allowed within normal limits.Seafood is useful due to high quality proteins and minerals well acquired contained in them, in particular the zinc component, the necessary component for insulin production.Bean in zinc content, so it is necessary for diabetes and copper patients is a champion among vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst, and in the presence of concomitant atherosclerosis with a violation of the heart rate, it restores the normal rhythm!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Among meals, drink water.It must be limited by daily sodium salt intake of up to 10 g, vegetable animals and fats, at 50 g, as well as to reduce the consumption of dairy products with a high fat content (cheese, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, flesh, sample points, chocolate, cakes, halva, caviar, brain, reeds and knights skin.

Prevention

• To avoid the development of diabetes of the second type, you must lose weight if your weight exceeds the standard by more than 20 percent and maintain normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no well -known way to prevent diabetes of the first type.
• People with any type of diabetes must be regularly undergoing an ocular examination for early detection and the treatment of visual disability diabetes.

Diagnosis

• The medical history and physical examination can give a basis for the assumption of the presence of the disease.
• The diagnosis can be performed if a blood test with an empty stomach shows high glucose levels (126 mg/dl or more) at least twice.
• When the test results are ambiguous, a sample on glucose tolerance can be made.The patient drinks a drink containing 75 g of glucose, and then the blood glucose content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be taken to determine the protein content.
• Measure the blood glycemoglobin;It shows the average blood glucose content in the last two or three months.

For diabetes of the first type:

• Daily insulin injections are needed.One to four daily injections are needed to control the blood glucose level.There are drugs of long action and rapid action, and they are often prescribed in a combination.
• A strict diet and a meal schedule is necessary to maintain the desired level of blood glucose.Your doctor may recommend foods with low fat, salt and cholesterol and can advise you to visit a nutritionist for food planning.
• Since both physical exercises and insulin reduce glucose levels, exercises and insulin introduction should be designed so that their effect does not apply and does not cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• A strict calendar for injection, food and exercises is necessary for the proper control of the disease.

For diabetes of the second type:

• The use of low food in fatty and low calories in combination with the correct performance of the exercises is necessary to control the weight.
• Drugs taken orally can be explained to increase insulin pancreas, if exercises and diet do not suffer enough blood glucose.
• Other oral medications can reduce insulin resistance or reduce the absorption of intestine sugar absorption.
• Insulin injections may be necessary for strong attacks of the second type of diabetes or if a patient with diabetes of the second type has any other disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood analysis is needed to measure glucose levels, one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendation).Your doctor will inform you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Special attention should be paid to the development of atherosclerosis, since it is often combined with diabetes.Patients with diabetes should not smoke, they should eat under fat, cholesterol and salt and take medications for high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
• People with diabetes should drink a lot of water when they get sick with another disease, for example, flu, to fill the lost liquid and prevent diabetic coma.During the disease, people with diabetes of the first type should verify urine for ketone bodies every four or six hours.
• People with diabetes must take care of their feet and check them every day.Damage to diabetes reduces leg sensitivity, and small damage can lead to the development of severe infectious diseases.
• Laser photocoagulation to prevent ruptures of small blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or cure diabetic retinopathy.Most diabetes patients should verify eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the first manifestations of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, the artificial blood filtering process may be necessary for renal failure.In severe cases, a kidney transplant may be required,
• The clear control of the blood glucose level retains or avoids subsequent complications that affect the eyes, kidneys and nervous system.
• Renal damage can be slowed when controlling blood pressure.

When a doctor needs

• Contact the doctor if you notice a sudden or gradual increase in a sense of hunger, thirst or increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact the doctor if you are sick with diabetes and at the same time became ill with a nasal or flu secretion, which has eliminated blood sugar levels.Do not use the medication sold without a recipe without consulting a doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if a patient with diabetes loses consciousness.Tell the doctor that a person is sick with diabetes.
• Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if it has symptoms of a non -homeless hyperosmotic state;They include severe thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if it has symptoms of diabetic ketoacitosis;They include dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or with an aroma to the smell fruit of the mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urine and severe thirst (or without).
• Attention!(With the first type of diabetes).Take a doctor immediately if the presence of cetona bodies and measures prescribed by your doctor is in the urine, does not help deal with the problem.